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1．名词/代词+现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2．名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3．名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.
4.名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.
5．名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。
6．名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例 The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
He sat at the table, head down.
7.名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8.with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构
例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
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